A standardized workflow for developing highly-realistic 3D-printed anthropomorphic phantoms

Tissue-equivalent phantoms are essential in radiotherapy for imaging modalities - e.g. Computed Tomography (CT) – calibrations, workflow optimizations, uncertainty analysis and quality assurance. However, commercial phantoms often lack morphological complexity and are therefore limited in their effective application on radiotherapy equipment. Phantom development using 3D-printing (3DP) is a promising strategy in radiotherapy since it allows for more customization and creation of more realistic anthropomorphic phantoms for imaging and dosimetry. This study proposes a standardized workflow for creating phantoms that approximate both ICRU44-based physics metrics and human anatomy