Integrating the community capitals framework for sustainable remediation of NORM- and TENORM-contaminated sites: The Case of Crotone, Italy

This study employs the Community Capitals Framework -an asset-based community development approach that highlights seven types of community capital (social, natural, human, cultural, political, built, and financial)- to identify, analyse, and compare how local assets may inform the environmental remediation and transformation of the NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) and TENORM (Technically Enhanced NORM)-contaminated sites in Crotone, Italy. Crotone was profoundly affected by extensive production activities cantered on phosphatic cycles for fertilizer production. The resulting industrial waste containing TENORM was repurposed for civil works across the city, leading to widespread contamination. This research utilizes a multi-method approach for bottom-up identification of capitals, incorporating semi-structured interviews, photovoice and a stakeholder workshop. By tracing local assets over time and examining how these change in response to socio-economic and environmental factors, the study explores how leveraging local assets can contribute to holistic sustainable, and context-sensitive management of contaminated sites. The study reveals that interactions among community capitals are complex and multidimensional, with changes in one capital often having varied effects on others. This highlights the need for a balanced, systems-based approach to site remediation without compromising critical assets. Findings reveal that the Community Capitals Framework effectively informs the various dimensions of the remediation process and underscore the need for continued research to refine its practical application and integration into site remediation and environmental management projects.