New best estimates for radionuclide solid–liquid distribution coefficients in soils. Part 2. Naturally occurring radionuclides

Predicting the transfer of radionuclides in the environment for normal release, accidental, disposal or remediation scenarios in order to assess exposure requires the availability of an important number of generic parameter values. One of the key parameters in environmental assessment is the solid liquid distribution coefficient, Kd, which is used to predict radionuclide–soil interaction and subsequent radionuclide transport in the soil column. This article presents a review of Kd values for uranium, radium, lead, polonium and thorium based on an extensive literature survey, including recent publications. The Kd estimates were presented per soil groups defined by their texture and organic matter content (Sand, Loam, Clay and Organic), although the texture class seemed not to significantly affect Kd. Where relevant, other Kd classification systems are proposed and correlations with soil parameters are highlighted. The Kd values obtained in this compilation are compared with earlier review data.