Predicting the number of sulfur atoms in peptides and small proteins based on the observed aggregated isotope distribution

Rationale
Identification of peptides and proteins is a challenging task in mass spectrometry–based proteomics. Knowledge of the number of sulfur atoms can improve the identification of peptides and proteins.
Methods
In this article, we propose a method for the prediction of S-atoms based on the aggregated isotope distribution. The Mahalanobis distance is used as dissimilarity measure to compare mass- and intensity-based features from the observed and theoretical isotope distributions.
Results
The relative abundance of the second and the third aggregated isotopic variants (as compared to the monoisotopic one) and the mass difference between the second and third aggregated isotopic variants are the most important features to predict the number of S-atoms.
Conclusions
The mass and intensity accuracies of the observed aggregated isotopic variants are insufficient to accurately predict the number of atoms. However, using a limited set of predictions for a peptide, rather than predicting a single number of S-atoms, has a reasonably high prediction accuracy.