Protocol for establishing rectal tumor organoid-derived monolayers in a microphysiological system to model radiotherapy

Patient-derived organoids offer greater human translational relevance than mouse models or immortalized cell lines, owing to their multicellular composition and patient-specific responses. Here, we present a protocol for establishing a human in vitro rectal tumor model for radiotherapy studies using patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) and monolayer derivatives integrated into a microphysiological system (MPS). We describe steps for cultivating PDTOs, their transition into monolayers, and transfer into an MPS. This protocol enables radiotherapy modelling, toxicity testing, and adjuvant therapies screening.