Sex-specific differences in the adaptation to the spaceflight of mammals

Jan-Bernd Stukenborg, Rod T. Mitchell, Vittore Verratti, Rafi Benotmane, Susana M. Chuva de Sousa Lopes, Varsha Jain

Research outputpeer-review

Abstract

Long-duration spaceflight, particularly beyond low-Earth orbit, presents numerous physiological challenges. Over six decades of human spaceflight have contributed to our understanding of how both men and women adapt to the space environment. It has been noted that physiological adaptations between the sexes are generally similar. However, there are notable differences, for instance, the adaptation of the musculoskeletal system differs between men and women. This chapter examines the sex-specific data available for both animals and humans. Sex-specific differences in the adaptation to spaceflight have not been extensively researched. This lack of data complicates the determination of optimal techniques for preserving sex-specific reproductive function during future missions. Nonetheless, studies on both sexes are disparate and short, making it challenging to distinguish true differences when compared to Earth-based physiological parameters. Although men and women have experienced hormone variations in response to spaceflight, their fertility is presumed to remain unaffected, given the potential for both sexes to conceive successfully postflight. However, human conception and pregnancy have not occurred during spaceflight. Animal studies have revealed significant detrimental impacts of microgravity and radiation on the developing fetus, presenting ethical challenges regarding the possibility of human pregnancy in space. To bridge the gaps in our understanding of how the reproductive system adapts to space conditions, it is crucial to employ a combination of animal studies and analogous research, alongside data from space missions. This approach is necessary to fully grasp the effects of spaceflight on the reproductive system. Additionally, conducting further targeted research specifically focused on sex-specific adaptations to spaceflight is imperative if we are to establish a permanent human presence beyond low-Earth orbit.

Original languageEnglish
Title of host publicationPrecision Medicine for Long and Safe Permanence of Humans in Space
PublisherElsevier GmbH
Pages207-228
Number of pages22
ISBN (Electronic)9780443222597
ISBN (Print)9780443222603
DOIs
StatePublished - 1 Jan 2024

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • General Medicine

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